Partitioned Quantum Subspace Expansion

Tom O’Leary, Lewis W. Anderson, Dieter Jaksch, Martin Kiffner.

We present an iterative generalisation of the quantum subspace expansion algorithm used with a Krylov basis. The iterative construction connects a sequence of subspaces via their lowest energy states. Diagonalising a Hamiltonian in a given Krylov subspace requires the same quantum resources in both the single step and sequential cases. We propose a variance-based criterion for determining a good iterative sequence and provide numerical evidence that these good sequences display improved numerical stability over a single step in the presence of finite sampling noise. Implementing the generalisation requires additional classical processing with a polynomial overhead in the subspace dimension. By exchanging quantum circuit depth for additional measurements the quantum subspace expansion algorithm appears to be an approach suited to near term or early error-corrected quantum hardware. Our work suggests that the numerical instability limiting the accuracy of this approach can be substantially alleviated beyond the current state of the art.

@article{OLeary2025partitionedquantum,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2025-05-05-1726},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-05-05-1726},
  title = {Partitioned {Q}uantum {S}ubspace {E}xpansion},
  author = {O'Leary, Tom and Anderson, Lewis W. and Jaksch, Dieter and Kiffner, Martin},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1726},
  month = may,
  year = {2025}
}